Monday, August 24, 2020

From Individualism to Unionism: The Changing Meaning of Freedom in Amer

From Individualism to Unionism: The Changing Meaning of Freedom in America In 1893, when Frederick Jackson Turner conveyed his discourse on the hugeness of outskirts at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, he was tending to a crowd of people that had seen the exceptional changes that moved through the nation in the course of the last sixty or so years. The United States had gone from the agrarian country of Jefferson’s visionâ€one with a generally adjusted division of riches, a populace of homogenous talented specialists, and a tight meaning of equity dependent on an expansive meaning of freedomâ€to the profoundly industrialized urban country celebrated by the World’s Fair itselfâ€one of enraptured riches, tremendous and expanding quantities of unassimilated, incompetent laborers, and an interest for an arrival to the old balance to the detriment of the old idea of opportunity. Turner’s postulation was strung with perceptions of these changes, and made an endeavor to represent them as far as the changing geology of America. â€Å"Each wilderness did without a doubt outfit another field of chance, a door of break from the subjugation of the past; and newness, and certainty, and disdain of more seasoned society, eagerness of its limitations and its ideas,† Turner composed (Turner, 17). Seen from this point of view, opportunity in pre-mechanical boondocks America was opportunity from a prevailing and brought together central government and towards what Turner named â€Å"that fretful, apprehensive vitality; that predominant individualism† (Turner, 17). This definition is upheld by journalists like William Legget, and John C. Calhoun, who contended against the union of expansive political force in the hands of a couple. In any case, that sort of opportunity relied on the open door for financial versatility for those looking for it,... ...y which to administer it. The open boondocks gave an outlet away from government and towards the individual, both strategically and monetarily. On the most down to earth level, modest land, requiring minimal capital venture, was consistently accessible in the domains and they offered a steady open door for financial development subsequently. Strategically, the possibility of wilderness resounded with Americans as a position of practically anarchic individual opportunity. The end of the outskirts represented both the finish of the sort of unregulated monetary development and the particular significance of opportunity that had been the signs of the nineteenth Century. Works Cited Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Dover, 1971. Turner, Frederick Jackson. â€Å"The Significance of Frontier in American History.† In The Boondocks in American History. <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/TURNER/>. 1-17.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Progressing Through Life

Advancing in life could be one of the most troublesome things that an individual should look during their lifetime. The difficulties and issues that they experience causes them to create as an individual, yet additionally gets them through remarkable agony. Denis Waitley a man known internationally for guiding a portion of the world's most popular competitors, said a statement that could relate back to creating throughout everyday life. He said â€Å"Don't harp on what turned out badly. Rather, center around what to do straightaway. Spend your energies on pushing ahead toward finding the answer.†In the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, creating as an individual is depicted in a few unique manners through the principle character Amir. As a kid Amir confronted strife between his dad and himself for the most part since he was attempting to figure out how to learn and associate with his dad to assist him with making sense of how he needs to live. As he enters his high scho ol years he encounters insidious in this world direct, something a few people will never observe. Figuring out how to control himself and acknowledge how to deal with it is a significant advance for most people.Later when he enters adulthood he starts to assume liability and puts others in front of himself. Helping the individuals who can't help themselves is a chivalrous and wonderful thing to achieve throughout everyday life. During a human’s youth they face a great deal of self acknowledgment and this makes most children be confounded as they are continuing through the beginning periods of their lives. Amir's dad makes it exceptionally trying for Amir to create as a youngster since he doesn't have particularly regard for Amir and doesn't recognize him enough. â€Å"This is adults time.Why don't you go perused one of thosebooks of yours? † (Hosseini 3). This statement shows how Amir’s father overlooked him as he didn't exist. This made Amir get exceptionally b affled with his dad since all he at any point needed was to be acknowledged by him. Another point that relates back Baba not adoring cherishing Amir as much as he should, is when Baba is conversing with Rahim Kahn. They are discussing how Amir never stands up for himself and Hassan needs to do it for him. â€Å"Self barrier has nothing to do with ugliness. You realize what consistently happens when the local young men bother him?Hassan steps in and battles them off. I've seen it with my own eyes. What's more, when they returned home, I state to him, † How did Hassan get that scratch all over? â€Å"†¦ † he fell down† I'm letting you know, Rahim, there is something missing in that kid. â€Å"( Hosseini 18). This statement gives us how Baba has next to no regard for Amir since he accepts that he doesn't have a clue how to stand up for himself and this makes Baba disregard him more than he as of now does. This isn't totally Amir’s issue since he has nev er been instructed how to go to bat for himself.This is Baba’s work, as a dad and good example, to ensure he knows this. There is likewise when Baba attempts to connect with Amir and allow him to intrigue Baba however Amir neglects to dazzle him. At the point when Baba places Amir into soccer, he is trusting that Amir will check out it. Amir prefers the thought so he gives it a shot, yet when he does he discovers that he isn't acceptable at playing soccer and he can't get past this athletic test. He can't keep up and his father receives disappointed so he takes him in return and attempts to check whether viewing the soccer will be better for him.For the initial not many weeks Amir fakes being keen on it and his father before long gets on that he has no enthusiasm for it and needs to abandon him. (Hosseini 15). Amir feels as though he has not acquired any athletic capacity from Baba and this causes him to feel significantly more disheartened than he as of now is. All Amir at a ny point needed was to get his father’s endorsement and he neglects to do it in pretty much every circumstance as a youngster. As Amir entered his adolescent years he confronted the insidiousness on the planet direct. Amir saw an occasion that could scar any individual for their whole life.When Amir saw Hassan get explicitly ambushed he didn't take part in the circumstance to help out his companion Hassan. Amir held on and watched his closest companion give up to the young men who explicitly ambushed him. This circumstance relates back to the main point in this section in such a case that Baba would have shown Amir how to stand up for himself and his companions, he could have attempted to stop or forestall this loathsome situation. This circumstance identifies with the point in such a case that Amir would have forestalled the rape then he would not have felt so remorseful and lost his best friend.If this circumstance never happened it could have change his life totally. After Amir watched his closest companion get explicitly ambushed, this slowed down his development as a kid since he was feeling remorseful and didn't have the foggiest idea how to manage himself. (Hosseini 61). This is exhibited during the battle among Amir and Hassan at the pomegranate tree. Amir tosses a pomegranate at Hassan attempting to get him to toss one back at him since he needs to feel like he is even with Hassan again however Hassan doesn't react.Instead Hassan crushes one on his brow to show that he is faithful to Amir and wouldn't like to hurt him like Amir hurt him. (Hosseini 78). These last two models shows how Amir is creating and developing as an individual since he currently recognizes what he ought to do in a circumstance like that in the event that it ever happens again and it additionally shows him how he ought to be faithful to each individual you are near throughout everyday life. In Amir’s later youngster years his dad chooses to move to America to escape from all the malicious that was beginning to occur in Kabul.He feels this is a decent decision for him and Amir since it will allow them to begin another life in an alternate nation. ( Hosseini 93) This is a defining moment in Amir's life since he gets an opportunity to live in an alternate domain and take the entirety of the information he has picked up and apply it to his new life. At the point when Amir enters his adulthood he keeps on developing and begins to apply all that he has learned through his encounters while growing up as a youngster and adolescent. After Amir discovers that Hassan has died, his first nature is to proceed to spare his child Sohrab.Amir returns back to Kabul and discovers that Sohrab is heavily influenced by the Taliban. As Amir at long last discovers Sohrab he is confronted with the pioneer of the Taliban which is the man who explicitly attacked Hassan as a youngster. Amir at that point penances himself for Sohrab and gets destroyed from the pioneer and escapes with Sohrab later on. (Hosseini 247). This is indicating that Amir has made sense of that he needs to put others before himself at times so as to make them cheerful and make the right decision. It is a significant advance for Amir since he has not done this before.After Amir salvages Sorhab from the Taliban he carries him to an inn so they can remain together until he takes him back to America. The morning after they settle at the lodging, Sohrab flees to a Mosque and Amir had no clue where he went. Amir at that point began to freeze since he realized that Sohrab was presently his duty. Amir at that point asks the man at the front work area a few inquiries until he makes reference to the Mosque and Amir promptly ran there planning to discover Sohrab. He discovers Sohrab there and has an immense weight lifted off of his shoulders since he has discovered him, and realizes that he is alright. (Hosseini 271).As Amir remains with Sohrab he is attempting to get the papers which p ermits him to enter America. At the point when Amir initially meets the man attempting to assist him with getting Sohrab into America he faces a significant issue that turns into a hindrance. The man reveals to Amir that Sohrab won't have the option to leave Kabul until Amir gets evidence that he is the uncle of Sohrab. (Hosseini 290). This daring test would have been incredibly hard for Amir to deal with already however since he is presently entirely dependable and intellectually more grounded, he currently tries sincerely and does what is important to make it feasible for Sohrab to return to America with Amir.Amir has developed and grown essentially since his adolescence and now acknowledges how he can have in sway on different people’s lives on the off chance that he truly dedicates himself to it. Mary Engelbreit once stated, â€Å"If you don’t like something change it; on the off chance that you can’t transform it, change the manner in which you consider it . † Developing in life is a troublesome test for a great many people, yet for some it is something that they can do expedite. In this novel it is near unimaginable for Amir to create in the principle phases of his life due to the kind of individual he is.In his youth he attempts to get his dads endorsement, yet later discovers that it will be significantly more testing than it might appear. As he enters his adolescent years Amir presented to the universes insidious direct. He witness' an occasion that he could have changed yet neglects to do so as a result of his absence of information. At that point when Amir turns into a grown-up he at long last begins to make sense of how to assume the liability for other people and put others before himself so as to fulfill them. Amir at last creates throughout everyday life and scrutinizes everything that he has learned. Amir has made considerable progress and now can say that he is a completely evolved man.

Friday, July 17, 2020

Tips and Advice for Writing Great Psychology Papers

Tips and Advice for Writing Great Psychology Papers Student Resources APA Style and Writing Print Tips for Writing Psychology Papers By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 21, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Students are often surprised to discover how much writing is required for psychology college courses. Those majoring in psychology are often expected to write a wide variety of papers, ranging from lab reports to research papers. In almost all cases, you will need to structure your paper in a specific way and follow the rules of APA format.   Why Learning to Write Psychology Papers Is Important The ability to write well is one of the most important skills you can gain as a psychology major. Most psychology courses require a significant amount of writing, including essays, case studies, research reports, and other papers. Learning effective communication skills will help you succeed in high school, university, graduate school, and the workforce. How can you improve your writing skills? Start by viewing each class assignment as an opportunity to learn and practice. Check out resources offered by your school, such as tutors or writing labs, and learn more about the different types of psychology writing. The following resources offer tips, guidelines, and advice on how to write psychology papers. If you are struggling with how to start a psychology paper, following some of the guidelines below may help. Basic Tips for Writing Psychology Papers If you have never written a psychology paper before, you need to start with the basics. Psychology writing is much like other types of writing, but most instructors will have special requirements for each assignment. Before you start a psychology paper, youll need to learn more about what you should write about, how you should structure your paper, and what type of sources you should use. Always check the grading rubric for an assignment before you begin writing and brush up on the basics. How to Write a Psychology Case Study Students taking courses in abnormal psychology, child development, or psychotherapy will often be expected to write a case study on an individualâ€"either real or imagined. Case studies vary somewhat, but most include a detailed history of the client, a description of the presenting problem, a diagnosis, and a discussion of possible treatments. This type of paper can be both challenging and interesting. You will get a chance to explore an individual in great depth and find insights into their behaviors and motivations. Before you begin your assignment, learn more about how to write a psychology case study. How to Write a Psychology Lab Report Lab reports are commonly assigned in experimental or research-based psychology courses. The structure of a lab report is very similar to that of a professional journal article, so reading a few research articles is a good way to start learning more about the basic format of a lab report. There are some basic rules to follow when writing a psychology lab report. Your report should provide a clear and concise overview of the experiment, research or study you conducted. Before you begin working on your paper, read more about how to write a psychology lab report. How to Write a Psychology Critique Paper Psychology critique papers are often required in psychology courses, so you should expect to write one at some point in your studies. Your professor may expect you to provide a critique on a book, journal article, or psychological theory. Students sometimes find that writing a critique can actually be quite challenging. How can you prepare for this type of assignment? Start by reading these tips and guidelines on how to write a psychology critique paper. Remember to  Edit Your Psychology Paper Before you turn in any type of psychology writing, it is vital to proofread and edit your work for errors, typos, and grammar. Do not just rely on your computers spellchecker to do the job! Always read thoroughly through your paper to remove mistakes and ensure that your writing flows well and is structured logically. Finally, always have another person read your work to spot any mistakes you may have missed. After you have read something so many times, it can become difficult to spot your own errors. Getting a fresh set of eyes to read through it can be very helpful. Plus, your proofreader can ask questions and point out areas that might not be clear to the reader. Know the Rules of  APA Format Not learning APA format is a mistake that costs points for many students. APA format is the official style of the American Psychological Association and is used in many different types of science writing, especially the social sciences. Before you hand in any writing assignment, always double-check your page format, in-text citations, and references for correct APA format. If you need directions or examples, check out this guide to APA format. A Word From Verywell Writing psychology papers is an important part of earning a degree in psychology. Even non-majors often find themselves writing such papers when taking general education psychology classes. Fortunately, paying attention to the directions provided by your instructor, familiarizing yourself with APA style, and following some basic guidelines for different types of psychology papers can make the process much easier.

Thursday, May 21, 2020

Risk Assessment Abstract and Annotated Bibliography

Risk Assessment Abstract and Annotated Bibliography UMUC Abstract The Department of Veterans Affairs is one of the largest departments in the United States government. They employ over 300,000 civilian workers providing various services to over 28 million of our nations Veterans to include: education assistance, life insurance, burial benefits, medical benefits, pension and retirement information and finally disability compensation. The function of this department is to continue necessary support of Veterans after they have left the armed services and are attempting to make the transition back into civilian life. The IT Systems and applications that the VA uses currently to support all of these former soldiers and their†¦show more content†¦The author sheds light on several different instances where the government has failed to put the proper tools in place to secure sensitive and classified data within its IT sector. They highlight the unfortunate security incident that took place at the VA and the steps taken thereafter to try and fix the problems within cyber security. They also discuss the importance of utilizing FISMA and NIST guidelines in an effort to try and fix the issues within a lot of the lower rated government agencies. The author also discusses how the low ratings are actually a vast improvement from the previous scores received by the government in the past and what was done to obtain the higher marks. This article is relevant to my risk assessment because it highlights where the government currently is in terms of cyber security and how cloud computing can possibly b ring them even further down if not used properly. 4. Powers, V. (2008). Data Defense. Government Technology, 21(4), 44-45. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. The author discusses the situation surrounding the VA and the stolen laptop incident which resulted in the loss of several million Veterans personal identifiable information (PII). This incident received national scrutiny and is considered to be one of the most embarrassing moments within the VA and the author goes on to discuss theShow MoreRelatedLearning and Cognition Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Annotated Bibliography: Foundation for a course Project PSYC 3500; Learning and Cognition U5A1: Annotated Bibliography Capella University November, 2013 Annotated Bibliography: Foundation for a course Project This paper contains an annotated bibliography for a paper which will serve as the final project for a course on the subject of learning and cognition. The paper for which this bibliography was prepared originally was to focus on whetherRead MoreJadm 430 Complete Course - Devry ( All Assignments - Dqs and Midterm Exam)3666 Words   |  15 Pages2, 5, and 6. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Australia s Present Laws Regulating Human Rights

In Australia, present laws regulating human rights are protected in unlike most similar liberal democracies; Australia has no Bill of Rights to protect human rights in a single document. Rather rights may be found across the Constitution, common law and legislation – Acts passed by the Commonwealth Parliament or State or Territory Parliaments. This allows legislatures and judiciaries a complementary role in protecting rights. This is the most fluid and flexible system but the least secure in terms of protection as these laws are becoming increasingly inadequate with community values and expectations. This method places the legislature in the dominant position because its statutes can override common law. Therefore Australia needs a bill of†¦show more content†¦The writes are written explicitly in the Constitution however the Constitution doesn’t contain a Bill of Rights following the British example. The Constitution contains five express rights; the right to t rial by jury for Commonwealth indictable offences (s80) however not applicable to most offences which are the states responsibility; free exercise of religion (s1116); freedom of discrimination on the basis of residence (s117); freedom from interstate trade and commerce (s92); right to be compensated when the Commonwealth acquires your property (s51). The Australian Constitution is not a Bill of Rights as it doesn’t guarantee; equality of all people in Australia under the law, fundamental freedoms such as the freedom of movement, association, peaceful assembly, freedom of thought, belief and opinion, or arbitrary arrest or detention, or the right to a fair trial or due process for crimes under state laws. The Constitution is based upon the principle of representative democracy – implied freedom is therefore for political discussion which has full participation in government. The Foreign Fighters Bill 2014 is aimed at disrupting radicals and their

Argumentative Essay-Underage Drinking Free Essays

Jane Doe Ms. Smith English 11 17 October 2011 Underage Drinking and You According to Answers. com, an average of twelve thousand nine hundred eighty two people die a year from underage drinking; many of them being car accidents. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay-Underage Drinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now With so many people underage drinking, I feel that the law should be heavily enforced that underage drinking is NOT okay. There should be no underage drinking, whatsoever, under the legal age of twenty one. Underage drinking is very hard on the human’s brain development. The front part of your brain, the decision maker, is not fully developed until you are an adult. Drinking before that age can impact your brains healthy development. Many people may not know how to handle drinking, and the amount that their body is consuming. Some people may argue that alcohol makes them â€Å"feel good. † These people obviously have no concept of life, because if you do other things you enjoy such as; sports, clubs, movies, hang out with friends, etc. You could find many other activities that can make you feel good. Underage drinking cause’s people to make bad decisions, such as; driving while intoxicated, becoming pregnant, and making a complete fool of themselves while intoxicated, are just be a few instances that can and will impact your life forever. Some individuals don’t understand what alcohol really does to the body. Beer has empty calories that will make you gain weight. Which is why a lot of alcoholics have larger stomachs, or another term many people use for these large stomachs is, â€Å"beer belly. Some people may say that alcohol helps you escape your problems and is a stress relevant. Alcohol will not only bring more stress onto your life, it will also bring more problems. As much as people may feel alcohol helps, it really won’t help. If you need help that bad, I would suggest a therapist to help you with your problems, not a depressant. So that doesn’t make a whole lot of sense. The last statement to be made about underage drinking is the fact that i t will start to make you feel completely careless. Your grades in school, and in life for that matter, will drop. School is a huge part of our everyday life. It is the main component to a happy future, because without your education you will not be successful in life. Most teens will argue that their brains are already developed and that â€Å"everyone is doing it†. In reality, your brain is actually not fully developed as told above. And everyone is not doing it, if everyone did it, everyone would be bums. The individuals, who are strong believers in not drinking alcohol while under the age, are very successful in life. But not all people will follow in their footsteps. There are many reasons to back up the fact that underage drinking should be heavily enforced. Remember how hard alcohol is on the brain, your bodily development, and the struggles it will make you go through in life. Alcohol is not the answer to any of our problems. Take a stand in your life and make the right decisions. What will you decide is the right choice for you? How to cite Argumentative Essay-Underage Drinking, Essays

Saturday, April 25, 2020

Organizational Perspective free essay sample

Running Head: ORGANIZATION PERSPECTIVES Organization Perspective OM8010 – Principles of Organization – Theory and Practice Dr. Robin Parry Capella University August 8, 2011 Organization Perspective Abstract As organizations experience increase organizational rigidity, performance declines can be driven by decrease in innovative change and employee turnover, understanding these shifts are critical to the bottom line. A major responsibility for top managers is to interpret these shifts and to understand the complexity of organizations, to be able to respond effectively. Understanding how the three multiple theoretical perspectives: modernism, symbolic- interpretive, and post modernism apply with the assumptions ontology and epistemology as indicators used to analyze, make changes, and decisions, for daily activities of an organization. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), contends that an organization is a formal structure with an internal order, a set of natural laws governing its operation, rather than operate from a subjectivity manner of management. Obtaining a working knowledge of each perspective and being able to determine how to apply the principles and concepts offers reliance and continuity within an organizational structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Perspective or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Applying the principles of organization theory and understanding how these different perspectives according to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) can influence the way others experience, interpret, and shape organizational realities. Organization Perspective The rapid growth of the globalization era has changed the way businesses operate. With this rapid growth businesses have made major changes in the way in which they operate. With the introduction of computers and other technology, changed the way in which information is given and received. The old outdated ways of doing business has changed drastically. Thus the modernism era was created. Due to the complexity of organizations the need to interpret structural changes that occur within the structure of organizations, often creates a deficit in making innovative decisions can be critical to the bottom line. These structure shifts and changes lead to a decline in authority, lack of reliance in maintaining formalized processes and procedures, and reduce the flow of information passed down from top managers. According to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) organizational theory (OT) and understanding how the theoretical perspectives apply within an organization can influence the way others experience, interpret; develop critical thinking skills, needed to increase productivity, to shape, and to manage the functions of an organization. The purpose of this paper is to identify and define the three organizational theoretical perspectives: modernism, symbolic- interpretive, and post modernism; compare and contrast the possibilities for designing and managing these perspectives within an organization. Define the assumptions of ontology and epistemology and the effects from using the three theoretical perspectives within the organizational structure to enhance the quality of management style. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) provides an overview of the conception of the three theoretical perspectives: modernism, symbolic- interpretive, and post modernism perspectives. The inception of these terms occurred during the time of the Great Transformation, scholars tried to explain the emerging changes around them. The Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution period contributed to theoretical formations for early theorists like Emile Durkeim (1949), Karl Marx (1954) and Max Weber (1947). They were concerned about the structures that emerged around them, and how people were impacted within organizational structure. Early management practitioners adopted Scientific Management as a way to run organizations. Forefathers of management: Winslow Taylor (1911) and Henri Fayol (1949) were highly esteemed for their systems and methods that were widely applied across the world. Modernism was birthed (Hatch (with Cunliffe), 2006). As a note, Hatch with the assistance of Cunliffe contributed an enormous amount of time and research into developing the methodology that is now used to explain the three theoretical perspectives, and considered an expert in this field. Cites from their research will be used to support this argument. Based on research by Hatch and Cunliffe, the theoretical perspectives emphasized efficiency, and effectiveness that would give a voice not only to the criticisms raised against organization theory, but also as a tool of ‘mangerialism’ (Hatch (with Cunliffe), 2006). In modernist organization theories, the organizational environment according to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), is conceptualized as entities that lie outside the boundaries of the organizations to provide raw materials, and other resources, products, and services, which influence the outcome of organizations. Modernists see the world existing independently, whether they interact with it or not. Reality is waiting to be discovered through concepts and theories. The need to analyze these conditions and trends associated with general environment factors links the organization to the environment properties. The modernist perspective focuses on how to increase efficiency, and considered an objective indicators of performance through the application of theories relating to structure and control according to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006). Modernist perspective focus primarily on individuals; treats risk preferences as an attempt to quantify risk without a negative impact in the decision making process. By this view, risks are a social and multilevel phenomenon; risk preferences, perceptions, and responses are learned; risk can be perceived subjectively and often unquantifiable. The environment is a complex, socially constructed system; ethical considerations are integral to risk assessment and management; and organizations respond to risk through their actions, not just by making decisions. These themes motivate new directions for opportunities within the organization (Esade McKelvey, 2010). According to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), the prospective of Symbolic-interpretive extends the definition of empirical reality to include experiences that lie outside the reach of the five senses, to include emotions and intuition. As a result, this concept is subject to subjectivity, and cannot be easily replicated by others. The symbolic-interpretive perspective focus on meaning and understandings, resulting in findings that are presented in generalized fashion. In contrast, modernist perspectives focus on the organization as an independent objective entity and take a positive approach to generating knowledge. The symbolic-interpretive perspective focuses on the organization as a community sustained by human relationships and uses predominantly subjective ontology and an interpretive epistemology. In general, the symbolic perspective expands the boundaries of consideration for modernists (e. g. waste is not considered waste, if it is resold), while the postmodernist perspective forces on the modernist to consider injustices within this framework (e. . Corporate Social Responsibility). Also, the symbolic interpretive perspective can reveal the fragile state of an organization; and if it is depending on its employees to survive. It can be said quite literally, that employees can make or break a company according to Drago (1999). According to Esade and McKelvey (2010) Postmodernism, a movement that emerged in the late 1960s to challenge the bas ic tends of modernism and its epistemological assumption. Esade and McKelvey (2010) suggest that OT has been pulled in opposite directions by modernist and postmodernist ontologisms. Organizational scholars, are caught between the two conflicting bases of legitimacy with little overall consensus on what constitutes valid truth claims. Hardy and Palmer (1999) indicate that postmodern approaches are relatively new to management and OT brings a number of challenges for management. Postmodernism is presented with a degree of debate, disagreement, and emotion rarely found in the usually more phlegmatic world of organization and lack the traditional characteristics of organizations. The complexity and the dynamics of organization structure plays an important role in the understanding how businesses operate in today’s culture. Organizational social structure is considered the relatively stable pattern of social behavior within organizations that constrain and enable individual action, (Hatch (with Cunliffe), 2006). Considering Hatch’s (with Cunliffe) (2006), definition of organizations states that there are several meanings. Organizations can be social, technology, cultural, and physical structures that are all a part of the organizational environment. These perspectives contribute to control, conflict, decision-making, power, politics, and change; and are also concepts used to define the science of (OT). Organizations operate in complex, uncertain, and often contradictory situations. According to Tsoukas and Knudsen (2005), concepts from OT have been discussed for the past 150 years, post industrial revolution and new concepts have a direct and indirect impact on the environment in how organizations operate today. People in organizations are self-directing and self-designing. As they form cliques and speak the same lingo to share information and solve problems; organizations can also be viewed as a community of practices (Lave Wenger, 1991). Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), contends that due to the complexity and pluralism of organizations, managers who make sense of and use multiple perspectives are more equipped to use their knowledge of OT to analyze, make decisions and plans for their organization’s daily activities. Cui, Tamma, and Bellifemine (1999) confirms in a competitive business market, large organizations have developed ontology management practices in order respond quickly to market opportunities. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) suggest that each perspective: modernism, symbolic-interpretive and postmodernism makes distinctive contributions to OT. Integrating these perspectives into organizational structures and the effects of ontology and epistemology assumptions are equally important. Developing an understanding of OT, and how to theorize, and understand how these different perspectives will influence and shape the realities that exist within an organization. Sutkowski (2010) contends that the paradigm of management epistemology is based on functional and interpretative assumptions. Many ideas regarding corporate culture, management human resources management, and management processes or managing changes are based on epistemological assumptions of the symbolic interpretative approach. The symbolic-interpretative perspective is a competitive cognitive approach related to a functional-systemic concept that can be described as interpretative, symbolic or qualitative. Symbolic-interpretative perspective is a competitive cognitive approach in relation to the functional-systemic concept described as interpretative, symbolic, or qualitative. According to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) the basis of interpretative epistemology is assumption of constructional and convention social reality of an organization. Drago (1999) indicates that organizational stakeholders, individuals, and groups have the ability to influence decision-making in an organization. Stakeholders play an important role in determining the direction, goals and strategies that organization adopts. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) suggest that it is important to understand the differences in the application of each perspective and grasp knowledge of the concepts and theories that provide distinctive thinking tools needed to analyze various situations, and decisions that are made within a business environment. Burns, Cooper and West (2003) suggest that organizational learning is the new paradigm for managing organizations. This interest in and promotion of organizational learning, especially in the business world, stemmed from two major concerns: the rapid changing nature of the world in which we live in; and the increasingly competitive environment in which firms operate. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) contends that the best theories are those that as employees and stakeholders have found or invented to match their personal experiences that exist in the business world. The challenge is to learn the theories of organizations and organizing what others have developed to evaluate the skills needed to broaden an appreciation for the possibilities that exist within the organization. The modernist perspective focuses on the independent objectivity of an organization and takes a positive approach to generating knowledge, increase efficiency, effectiveness as it relates to structure and control. Esade and McKelvey (2010) interpretation of integrating modernist and postmodernist perspectives in an organization contends that modernist aim for reliable in knowledge. In doing so, modernist often impose oversimplified interpretations of data that may obscure the effects of power and bias. In summary, modernism advances knowledge when phenomena are independent of each other or can be made so to control the experience. Both modernists and postmodernists aim for reliable knowledge while holding competing ontologies, they usually result in opposite ends. Esade and McKelvey (2010) conclude that as organizational scholars, opinions are often conflicting based on legitimacy, with little overall consensus on what constitutes valid truth. In comparing and contrasting the three theoretical perspectives Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), opinion for instance indicates that modernists consider objectivity and scientific finding as most crucial and that subjectivity undermines scientific rigor, whereas, symbolic-interpretive consider context and subjectivity as most important are factual. Post modernists usually are open to philosophies, which rarely support one particular view. Modernists typically believe that subjectivity understands bias, and bias is precisely what science seeks to eradicate in pursuit of the rational ideals of modernism. The need to understand the differences in application of each perspective is needed to evaluate the results and outcome of methods used in the organization. Tsoukas and Knudsen (2005) suggest that modernist perspective implies the importance of generalization of concepts and categories as they relate to the particulars of experiences that occur within organizations. As a consequence, visible end-states and outcomes are elevated over processes of change. According only the basic epistemological assumptions that provide inspiration, precision, and accuracy as these concepts represent and explain the social phenomena of organizations. Integrating modernist and postmodernist perspective approaches are used to evaluate the management style, and culture, as organizations define specific concepts that set them apart from other organizations in their industry, Cui, Tamma, and Bellifemine (1999), states that ontology has been studied by many projects both in academia and industry. Most of these projects provide some level of ontology development support. The need to understand the differences in application of each perspective is needed to evaluate the results and outcome of methods used in the organization. To analyze the methodological differences between the two theoretical approaches, epistemological, and ontological, Jenz (2003) suggest defines core business process management ontology is applicable in industries and organizations around the globe. Jenz (2003) defines basic concepts that can be found and needed in every organization regardless of industry, such as resource, organization, resource, organization unit, role, business process, and business rule are components of all organizations. While Cui, Tamma and Bellifemine 1999) contend that ontologies are considered as a vehicle to make the meanings of terms explicit so that information can be shared with minimal misunderstanding. Identifying the effects of the three perspective and the assumptions within the management of an organization can enhance the overall quality of an organization. Barker and Mone (1998) contend that failure to identify these changes within an organization will result in less than favorable results. Barker and Mone (1998) suggest as changes occur within organizations during turnaround phase will result in different outcomes. As an organization changes from management perspective to another, and how that change is managed within the organization will affect organization is different ways. Based on Barker and Mone (1998) research declining organization often experience mechanistic structural changes that centralize authority, increase reliance on formalized procedures, and reduce the flow of information from top management down to employees. As these changes occur, the need to change from one theoretical perspective to another can be a challenge. When these changes are ignored, the end result reduces the organizations capability to make innovative organizational decisions that could result in demise to the organization. Barker and Mone (1998) contend that when changes occur with the corporate structure such as acquisition, and or acquiring other entities from other organization, harvesting or liquidating internal controls, changing priorities, and traditional, all require evaluating the perspective of the organization. Barker and Mone (1998) conclude that during change the symbolic interpretive perspective reveals just how fragile an organization can become; and dependent on its employees for survival. Employees can make or break a company. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), presents two types of management systems introduced by Burns and Stalker; mechanistic and organic. These management systems are used to define the stability or instability of an environment. According to Burns and Stalker, during stable environments, mechanistic organizations outperform organic organizations, while unstable environments organic organizations tend to be more successful. Due to the complexity of some organization in terms of horizontal and vertical management structure, the greater the need to communication effectively, especially during phases of integration according to Hatch (with Cunliffe), (2006). In summary, the study of OT is one of the most useful sciences that involve theories that encompass the study of organization from multiple viewpoints, methods, and level of analysis. The interpretations of theoretical perspectives are not cast in stone, they are ways to think, and stimulate different thoughts (Hatch (with Cunliffe), 2006). Each perspective has a different approach concerning the structure, culture or even the technology, which applied to the social structure of an organization. If left unchecked, the results may be detrimental to the stakeholders, managers, and employees. Managers can approach problems within an organization to assist them in creating more possibilities for designing and managing their organizations, to include a better understanding of organizational social structures that lead to effective decision making capabilities. This research has been presented as an attempt to define and explain how multiple perspective approaches (modernist, symbolic interpretive, post-modernist) assist in achieving a more comprehensive understanding of complex organizational phenomena. References Barker, V. L. , Mone, M. A. (1998). The Mechanistic structure shift and strategic reorientation in declining firms attempting turnover. Human Relations. Vol. 51. No. 10. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from the AB/Inform Global Database. Burns, B. , Cooper, C. West, P. (2003). Organizational learning: the new management paradigm? Management Decision. Vol. 41. Pg. 452. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from the AB/Inform Global Database. Cui, Z. , Tamma, A. M. , Bellifemine, F. (Oct. 1999). Ontology management in enterprises. BT Technology Journal. Vol. 17, No. 4. Pages 98-107. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from the AB/Inform Global (ProQuest) Database. Drago, W. A. , (1999). Stakeholder Influence and Environmental Sector Volatility. Management Res earch Review. Vol. 22. No. 4. Retrieved August 2, 2011, from the AB/Inform Global Database. Esade, M. B. , McKelvey, B. (2010). Integrating modernist and postmodernist perspectives on organizations: A complexity science bridge. Vol. 35. No. 3. Pgs. 415-433. Academy of Management Review. Retrieved August 2, 2011, from the AB/Inform Global Database. Hatch, M. J. (with Cunliffe, A. L. ). (2006). Organization theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives (2nd ed. ). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Jenz, D. E. (2003). Strategic White Paper – Ontology-Based Business Process Management. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from the AB/Inform Global (ProQuest) Database. Sutkowski, L. , (March, 2010). Two paradigms of management epistemology. Journal of Intercultural Management. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 109–119. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from the AB/Inform Global (ProQuest) Database. Tsoukas, H. , Knudsen, C. (Eds. ). (2005). The Oxford handbook of organization theory: Meta-theoretical perspectives. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Wednesday, March 18, 2020

Tour Operators Influence on Hotels in Mallorca

Tour Operators Influence on Hotels in Mallorca Introduction Tourism is rooted in the history of ancient civilisations. Over the years, the industry has grown to become one of the most lucrative sectors for the generation of foreign revenues in many nations. Franscesco Frangialli, the WTO secretary-general, posits, Tourism at the turn of the century is growing faster than even our most optimistic predictions, which continuously simulate its development worldwide (Rita, 2010, p.435).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Tour Operators Influence on Hotels in Mallorca specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The economic development of the Balearic Islands is strongly dependent on the inflow of tourists. Mallorca stands out as one of the biggest islands among the Balearic Islands in Spain with many three-star and five-star hotels. At present, governmental organisations and private companies attempt to find ways of attracting people from foreign countries to the Balearic Is lands. Amongst these organisations, tour operators organisations influence the nature and magnitude of inflow of tourists into the Balearic Islands. Literatures on factors affecting tourism attractions mainly focus on infrastructural development, the presence of natural or cultural sites, and the development of the tourism industry among others factors, thus leaving out the roles of travel agencies insufficiently addressed. For instance, some studies highlight why a certain place can attract the attention of travel agencies without showing the impacts of the agencies on the hospitality facilities such as hotels. This challenge is aggravated by the inadequate or even lack of data showing how these organisations shape the development of tourist destinations. This study seeks to close this gap by restricting its concerns to the impacts of tour travel operators on hotels in Mallorca. Consequently, this study examines how the power of tour operators influences various hotels in Mallorca. This interrogative presents practical implications. Precisely, the determination of influence of the power of tourists travel on hotels in Mallorca is important in the development of strategic plans, which are consistent with the considerations addressed by various tour travel operators in recommending various accommodation facilities for their clients. Aims and objectives The inflow of tourists within a given geographical region is influenced by factors such as political, state of economic development, and even social factors. One important factor that is not significantly studied, which guides the objective for conducting this research, is the power of tour travel operators. Researchers in the hospitality industry focus on the mechanisms of increasing the popularity of certain tourist destinations. Indeed, several studies have aimed at examining the factors that affect the development of the tourism industry (Izquierdo-Yusta MartÄ ±nez-Ruiz, 2011, p.77). While appreciating the significance of these factors in influencing hotels in Mallorca, the main aim of the current research is examining the influence of travel agencies on various hotels in Mallorca.Advertising Looking for dissertation on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This study has two main objectives, viz. To use primary data to demonstrate the impacts and influences of tour travel operators on hotel bookings in Mallorca. To study positive and negative impacts of the above influences coupled with how they affect anticipated service value by clients seeking hotel bookings. Research questions Research questions help in setting the stage for a study. They act as guides into what qualitative and quantitative research seeks to achieve (Cohen Crabtree, 2008, p.332). Two research questions consistent with the objectives of this research are investigated in this study as follows: Do tour travel operators in Mallorc a help in the creation of preconception and anticipations about the quality of services offered at hotels? What factors, specific and unspecific to hotels, do tour travel operators consider when recommending a hotel facility to a tourist? Literature Review Travel operators are involved in direct communication with potential hotels clients in various tourists attractions sites. The first section of this literature review offers a discussion of the likely impacts of such communication on the quality of services anticipated by clients on arrival at Mallorca. In the second part, disparate literatures on selection of destination sites for promotion by tour travel agencies are considered since this element also influences the places where tourists seek accommodation and other related services. The principle focus of the research rests on the roles of tour travel operators on hotel branding a term coined from the wider contribution of tour travel agencies in destination branding (Jalilva nd, Esfahani Samiei, 2010, p. 235). In the third section, literature gap prompting the necessity for conducting the proposed research is discussed coupled with the practical implication of the research sealing such gaps. Examination of the past research on the influence of tour operators on hotels seeks to identify the impacts of the operators on specific tourists destinations. Consequently, in the identification of the literature gaps, a discussion of appropriateness of selection of Mallorca as a research geographical segment is also considered. Tour travel agencies take part in the formation of the clients perceptions and attitudes toward a certain tourist site, recreational, or hospitality facilities. In many cases, buyers pay attention to the reputation of a travel agency (Ferencov, 2012, p. 309). Consequently, they can significantly increase the popularity of a hospitality facility (Denvir McMahon, 2009). This assertion suggests that tour travel agencies contribute to the rat e of inflow of tourists into a given hospitality industry within a given tourist destination geographical region. Stemming from their mode of operation, tour travel operators are service companies acting as an intermediary between tourists and other hospitality institutions such as hotels, airlines, restaurants, or cruise liners.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Tour Operators Influence on Hotels in Mallorca specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These organisations provide information to clients about particular tourist destinations. Therefore, they are responsible for the Mallorca destination branding. This aspect implies that they take active roles in the development and communication of the value that a certain tourist destination can bring to a client (Tsiotsou Goldsmith, 2012, p. 52). The power of tour travel in influencing hotels and destinations selection Tour travel operators make considerations on various factors while selecting tourist destinations for promotion. These factors include the presence of natural or cultural sites, climate, and service industry in a particular region, infrastructure, and security (PrebeÃ… ¾ac Mikulić, 2008, p. 170; Blzquez, Molina, Esteban, 2012, p. 167). This observation suggests that tour travel operators are incredibly interested in destinations that would satisfy clients in terms of both desired comforts and perceptions of security. Mariutti, de MouraEngraciaGiraldi, and Crescitelli (2013, p.17) note that the governments of developing countries are extremely concerned about the attitudes of travel agencies as they can influence the decisions of customers. In this context, tour travel operators help clients in learning more about various characteristics of a tourist destination. Where perceptions of insecurity are high, hospitality facilities such as hotels located in such destinations are also likely to receive low number of bookings (Holloway , 2008). A study conducted by Mihajlović (2012) suggests that tour travel operators have the capacity to affect the choices of consumers profoundly by highlighting the advantages of going to particular destinations. One of such issues encompasses the provision of complete guides on various hotels coupled with services offered in them. This move aids clients in making informed decisions or making prior psychological preparations on what to expect. In a bid to avail information on the services offered at the hospitality facilities located in various tourists destination within a nation, tour travel operators conduct an evaluation of the service industry in a certain destination (Budeanu, 2012, p.15). In this sense, Denvir and McMahon (2009) argue that these organisations are the major intermediaries between customers and service providers. Budeanu (2012) adds that clients are likely to put trust in the recommendations or assessments offered by travel agencies. Therefore, their con tribution in influencing the clients perceptions at Mallorca hotels is inevitable for consideration by any hotels management and strategic decision makers. Research conducted by Buhalist (2000) found out that distribution channels, especially travel agencies, affect the performance of many hospitality organisations. The study suggests the hospitality organisations need to accept the power of travel agencies in influencing their operations. In fact, tour travel agencies, through their assessment reports on hospitality organisations in tourists destinations, reduce the perceived risk expected by clients (Buhalist, 2000, p.115).Advertising Looking for dissertation on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This argument agrees with Budeanus (2012) assertion that tour travel operators facilitate communication between customers and service suppliers in the tourists destinations. If this link is absent, a client is not likely to go to a certain tourist destination. Buhalist (2000, p. 136) notes that the competitive positioning of a hotel depends on its cooperation with tour operators. This role of the tour operators in influencing the clientele in the hospitality facilities in the tourists attraction destinations becomes important in the information age. Many consumers rely on the Internet to acquire information about various resorts, tourist sites, or airlines (Mihajlović, 2012, p. 153). Very often, clients use the websites of travel agencies. The information provided on the travel agencies websites is instrumental in influencing the clients hotel selection and bookings. The Mallorca Island is located in the Mediterranean Sea. Studies on factors influencing choices for tourists wish ing to travel in the region are also important in the development of strategic decision making by hoteliers in the region. In one such researches, Izquierdo-Yusta and MartÄ ±nez-Ruiz (2011, p. 78) note that tour travel operators facilitate the clients search for information. They help customers and suppliers in establishing mutual trust (Izquierdo-Yusta MartÄ ±nez-Ruiz, 2011, p. 80). In addition, tourist destinations in the Mediterranean region are not likely to enjoy popularity when travel agents fail to pay attention to them in their promotional strategies. Tour-travel operator organisations can demonstrate that certain hospitality organisations are suitable for various types of clients differing in terms of income level, marital status, interest, and values among other tastes and preferences. Therefore, tour travel operators can increase performance of hotels located in a particular tourist destination. Tour operators can increase or decrease hotels services demand. Irrespecti ve of the industry in which an organisation operates, increased performance ensures longer existence of an organisation in a competitive market. Therefore, in the hotels sub-sector of the hospitality industry, performance is an essential tool for the evaluation of the ability of an organisation to remain in business in both short-term and long-term. According to Beechler and Woodward (2010, p.275), profit-making organisations deploy profitability levels as measures of their performance. In this extent, profitability encompasses a desired organisational output, which can be affected by the tour operators through their recommendations on hospitality organisations meeting tastes and preferences of specific clients. In Mallorca, it is desirable that hotels indentify all factors that may affect their profitability. One of such factors may encompass the reduction in service demand levels. Indeed, the lower the demand for services offered by a hotel, the lower the sales levels. Hence, the capacity to offset costs is reduced. Arguably, any variable or factor increasing demand for services offered by organisations in the hospitality organisations operating in tourism destinations may be positively received by hotels in Mallorca. As argued before, tour operators may influence the demand of services offered by different hotels in Mallorca with overall implication of affecting the performance of the hospitality industry. This assertion suggests that tour operators affect tourism destination hotels aspects defining their organisational performance. These aspects are financial performance (profits, return on assets and return on investment), product market performance (sales and market share), and shareholder return (total shareholder return and economic value added (Devinney Yip, 2009, p.529). In this sense, the standard approach of measuring performance in hotels entails setting targets for the desired outputs and then measuring the actual outputs against the targets. Ho tels can only set targets on a certain number of anticipated customers seeking accommodation and other services over given period. For reliable targets, the capacity of tour operators to influence the clientele in the hotels implies that the hotels need to establish good relationships with customers to increase their probability for promotion. Tour travel operators interact with various types of companies located in a particular tourist destination and in this process of interactions, they can increase international awareness about a certain destination. While interacting with hotels, they can increase inflow of travellers and higher number of rooms reservation by directing clients to the suitable hotels (Navickas Malakauskaite, 2009). Depending on the service satisfaction of a client visiting a hotel for the first time, service loyalty may develop. The client may also recommend another person to stay in a particular hotel or even consider seeking hospitality services from the hote l during his or her subsequent visits. This argument implies that tour travel operators may be pivotal in branding hotels in various travel sites including Mallorca. Research shows that the development of tourism is directly dependent on the degree to which tour operators are aware about a tourist destination and hospitality facilities. For instance, Ferencov (2012) indicates that in various European countries, at least 20 percent of the population relies on travel agencies while selecting a place for holidays (p. 311). The case of Balkan as discussed by Mulec and Wise (2012, pp.182-183) perhaps explains the roles played by tour travel operators in fostering inflow of clientele in the hospitality organisations located within a given tourist destination site. Balkan boasts many natural and cultural sites. However, these sites do not attract a great number of foreign tourists as tour operators and travel agents are not familiar with them (Mulec Wise, 2012). Hotels in different geogra phical regions compete to increase their market share. This aspect also applies to hotels in the Mediterranean islands, including Mallorca. Considering the roles played by tour travel agencies in influencing the performance of hotels located in various tourism destination sites, it may create the impression that only travel agencies affect their performance. Patsouratis et al. (2005, p. 1865) disputes this position by arguing that the exchange rate can be a powerful factor that shapes the purchasing decisions of clients. Burgess et al. (2011) maintain that the competiveness of the tourism industry depends on the ability of various organisations to make use of information technology to create consumer awareness (p. 221). This assertion suggests that despite relying on tour travel operators to create awareness of the services offered by hotels and other hospitality facilities within tourists attractions destinations, hotels can also deploy information technology tools to induce custom er awareness directly without depending on the tour travel operators. Roles of tour travel agencies in shaping hotel clients perceptions of service quality The literature review in the previous section indicates that tour travel operators play important roles in inducing service quality anticipations by potential clients to hotels within tourism destinations. In a bid to study the impacts of the information availed to customers on hotels and other hospitality facilities in any destinations including Mallorca, it is important to investigate scholarly evidence on impacts of customer-service satisfaction anticipations on hotels. Parasuraman et al. (1988) attempt to investigate perceptions of customer satisfaction anticipations coupled with hotel attributes. The research argues, Intangibility, inseparability, variability, and perishability of services degrees of customer satisfactions depend on their perceptions of service attributes and facilities (Parasuraman et al., 1988, p.31). In c onsideration of the attractiveness of a hotel for tourists, its attributes should then come first. They include quality of rooms, hotel reputation, and classification such as five-star or three-star, and the nature of service delivery to the customers (LeBlanck Nguyen, 1996). Tour travel operators mainly focus on ensuring that they direct their clients to the best facilities to enhance their reputations in comparison to other competing travel operators. Consequently, they prefer to associate themselves with the best hotels within a given tourism destination (Lew McKercher, 2006). This argument suggests that when selecting hotels to recommend clients, tour travel agencies are interested in the degree of satisfaction of customers while eating and accommodated in a hotel. Consistent with this assertion, Konecnik and Gartner (2007) believe that the performance of hotels is well conducted when evaluated by examination of their attributes. Gooroochurn and Sugiyarto (2009) also find this approach important. They conducted an extensive review of studies done between 1984 and 2000 on the attributes of hotels coupled with how the indentified attributes induce customer satisfaction. In the 173 hotels studied by 21 researches investigated by Gooroochurn and Sugiyarto (2009), hotel image, nature of rooms, nature of beverages, and foods influenced the customers satisfaction. Therefore, tour travel operators are more likely to engage in promoting hotels with these attributes as they help in associating the agencies with offering best services and satisfaction. Hudson and Miller (2011) indicate that the quality of communication between clients and hotels employees affects the satisfaction of clients in the hospitality industry. Indeed, organisations collaborating with hotels in tourism destinations only prefer establishing relationships with hotels appreciating and investing in good interpersonal communication between the hotels operators and clients. Customer satisfaction in the service industry is a function of the speed of service delivery. Employees in any organisation attend to customers. The nature and quality of service and products delivered determine the employees contribution in enhancing the competitive advantage of the organisations (Rust, Zeithaml Lemon, 2008; Philport Arbittier, 2010). This argument implies that organisations in the hospitality industry such as hotels may determine their preference rates or recommendations probability by tour travel operators through the degree of reported customer satisfaction with their services and products. Yelkur (2013) contends with this argument by adding that in the service sector organisations, quality is enhanced through the deployment of strategies for enhancing customer satisfaction with services, the utility of the service, and the speed of service delivery (p.110). Through their researches, tour travel operators have adequate information on various services attributes for any given hospit ality organisation in a given tourist destination. They deploy this information to rate different hotels and then base their accommodation advisories on the acquired data. The above discussion associates travel operators closely with the determination of hotels selected by clients well before the actual visit. However, there exists scholarly research suggesting that tour travel operators do not possess the principle power to determine the customers preferences for hotels within tourist attractions sites. For instance, Kau and Lim (2012, p.236) argue that leisure travellers served by hotels are more interested in the actual quality of service offered as opposed to the perceived quality as communicated to them by other parties such as tour travel operators. Wuest, Tas, and Emenheiser (2009) argue that leisure travellers consider clean, comfortable, well -maintained rooms, convenient location, prompt and courteous service, and safe and secure environment important when selecting a hote l for the first time (p.77). Although actual assessments on these factors may form strong motivation or de-motivation for seeking repeated services in a hotel, arguably, clients are not likely to try hotels without preconceived perception about the hotels likelihood to offer the best services. Choi and Raymond (2001) maintain that demonstrated courtesy, cleanness, security, and offering services commensurate to the service charges are important factors in determining the selection of hotels by tourists. This aspect is perhaps incredibly important for the Mallorca hotels and motels. Most clients for these two groups of organisations are mainly leisure travellers as evidenced by statistics from Datamonitor (2011) indicating that the Spanish hotels and motels industry had total revenues of $19,195.4 million in 2010, representing a compound annual rate of change (CARC) of 1% between 2006 and 2010 (p.9). The leisure segments accounted for US$17, 238.4 million in the entire hotels and mot el industrys value. If tour operators play roles in positively influencing the selection of the tourists destinations, then the hotels and motel industry in Spain will continue to contribute significantly to the national GDP. This argument makes sense considering that the performance of the industry is forecast to accelerate with an anticipated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.2% for the five-year period 2010-2015, which is expected to drive the industry to a value of $22,430.1 million by the end of 2015 (Datamonitor, 2011, p.9). However, despite the ability of tour operators to create more awareness on the services and satisfactions of customers in the Mallorca destinations, it is also possible for the first-time experiences of the currently visiting tourists to foster this expected growth in the future by presenting good publicity about the services offered at the Spains motel and hotel industry. Although the arguments that the capacity of first experience with services off ered at a hotel can induce repeated booking may be convincing, awareness for existence of a hotel in the first place is important. Such awareness may emanate from a hotel or from collaborating agents such as tour travel organisations. Arguably, where the information is communicated in both ways, it is readily likely to convince potential clients to seek booking in such a hotel. Where tour travel operators back up brand positioning efforts of the hospitality organisations within a given tourist destination, the agency acts as an essential link between service producer (the hotels) and service consumers (tourists). Selwyn (2008) supports this assertion by claiming that tour operators constitute one of the most influential players in the hospitality industry. Data derived from the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) in year 2000 indicated that for over 663 million people who travelled abroad in 1999 spending US $453 billion on various tourism travel products and services, 80% of the trips used services of a tour operator (Budeanu, 2012, p.3). This realisation suggests that the tour operators also offered guides on the hospitality facilities to the largest proportion of people consuming tourist products coupled with services. Stemming from the above arguments, the dependency of international travellers on services offered by tour travel operators highlights the importance of consideration of their impacts on hotels in Mallorca. In this context, it also becomes important to examine whether tour operators are wholesalers of tourism services or producers of travel package (Budeanu, 2012, p.6). Although there is no scholarly agreement on this debate, tour operators take bulk information on available hospitality facilities and present it to clients. This way, they function as wholesalers while hotels operate as producers of services and products. With the emergence of two-way communication platforms permitting organisation to contact their customers directly, the roles of tour operators in the hotel industry is seemingly dwindling. In fact, according to Tapscott and Williams (2010) web 2.0 applications permit clients across the globe to make a hotel booking without seeking assistance from an intermediary organisation. However, arguably, tour operators cannot lose relevance in the hotels industry. Budeanu (2012) Support this line of thought by asserting, By buying in bulk, the operator takes from the producer the burden of selling products and absorbs the risk of having unsold products (p.7). For instance, where several hotels operate in one area, and are promoted by one tour operator, customers may consider all the hotels as offering state-of-art services simply by association with their trusted tour operator. This aspect minimises the degree of rivalry between organisations for fair distribution of hotel bookings. Tour operators minimise the time required by clients to track accommodation facilities to determine their appropriateness to meet the de sired comfort and utility. Denvir and McMahon (2009) note that tour operators offer various services including flight followed by transfer services such as offering guide on hotels bookings. This aspect implies that tour operators act as the link between a service producer, such as hotels, and the service consumer like tourists. The services offered by tour operators are incredible in helping clients to save valuable time and energy. Additionally, by buying in bulk, the tour operator gets better deals from the direct producers, which allows them to offer low prices for the entire packages, which are very hard to obtain by individual customer (Budeanu, 2012, p.6). Consequently, for reasons related to time coupled with price, the services of tour operators are inevitable in the hospitality industry. Effective functionality of the hospitality industry is dependent on the good fit between organisations operating in the industry and the tour operators. Budeanu (2012) amplifies this argu ment by adding that tour operators are important for both consumers of tourism products and services coupled with their producers. This importance emanates from contributions of tour operators in influencing decisions made by tourism products and service producers, which affects the process of evolution of hospitality markets (Budeanu, 2009). By engaging in the promotion of certain tourism attractions sites, tour operators can stir up the hospitality organisations promotional campaigns and positive customer perceptions about the quality of services offered in various hotels located within different tourism destinations. This way, tour operators function as means of placing products and services offered in the hospitality industry to their potential consumers. Stemming from the above discussion, tour operators are evidently distribution networks for tourism services and products. In the words of Lew and McKercher (2006), they are the main information channel through which the custome rs preferences reach producers and services reach markets (p.416). In the execution of this role, they can indentify levels and patterns of hotel demand coupled with supply, and influence the equilibrium through influencing the customer decision-making processes, especially on the most preferred destinations hotel selections. Hudson and Miller (2011) posit that the degree and threshold of influence provided by tour operators on processes of the decision-making process for hospitality service producer are amplified in transactional tourism (p.309). Mallorca hotel organisations belong to this category. Scholarly gaps in literature on the influence of tour operators in hotels Tour operators play significant roles in influencing the performance of organisations operating in the hospitality industry. However, no scholarly research focuses on specific roles played by operators in influencing the operations of hotels in the Mallorca Island. Nevertheless, in understanding the development an d growth pattern of the Mallorcas hospitality industry, the work of Datamonitor (2011) and Buswell (2011) are incredibly important. Datamonitor (2011) provides statistics on the expected growth in the hospitality industry with particular focus on the hotels and motel industry sub-sector. The statistics indicate that over 85 percent of the hotel and motels incomes are derived from leisure travellers with business travellers only making a contribution of less than paltry 15 percent (Datamonitor, 2011). However, Datamonitor (2011) does not provide any statistics on the percentage of incomes earned by hotels and motels in Spain through contributions of tour operators in drawing clientele into the hotel and motels. A scholarly gap emerges via the search of scholarly works on how tour operators affect the operations of hotels in Mallorca. The work of Buswell (2011) mainly focuses on the historical development of hotels in Spain. Research is constrained by various resources such as money a nd time. Consequently, it is important to restrain research to a small, but reliable geographical research segment. While studying the influence of tour operators in Spanish hotels, Mallorca is the most preferred geographical research, as about a quarter of all Spanish hotels are located in the Balearic island with three quarters of these hotels being situated in Mallorca (Buswell, 2011, p.140). Furthermore, Buswell (2011) notes that Mallorca has a persistent preference of three-star hotels despite recognition of the benefits accruing from economies of scale. He states that for Mallorca, by 2001, 55.2% of hotels were three-star, with 60.2% of all hotels places, by 2008, these figures were 52.8 percent and 58.2% respectively, showing that in this century this category has lost some ground (Buswell, 2011, p.140). Five-star hotels also emerged in 1988 in Mallorca and they received unparalleled public attention. Considering arguments developed before in the literature review, tour opera tors are likely to associate themselves with and promote hotels offering splendid services. This aspect may help in inducing customer satisfaction, thus leading to better rating for a given tour operator organisation. The continued persistence of the three-star hotels in Mallorca as stated by Buswell (2011) raises questions whether tour operators consider promoting hotels based on perceived customer service quality and value or actual service quality and value. In Mallorca, five-star hotels only accounted for 3.6 hotels market share by 2008 (Buswell, 2011, p.140). If tour operators promote collaboration of organisations, does it mean that in Mallorca they prefer promoting three-star hotels opposed to five-star hotels. Is the star rating for a hotel not a criterion for promotion? What specific factors do they consider when recommending a hotel in Mallorca for tourists? Apart from sealing the scholarly gap in the hotels industry studies in Mallorca defined by the needs to respond to t hese interrogatives, research is also necessary to determine the influence of tour operators in both three-star and five-star hotels in Mallorca. Sealing this gap has practical implications on the development of strategic plans for increasing performance of hotels operating in the Mallorca tourists destination. References Beechler, S., Woodward, C. (2010). The Global ‘War for Talent. Journal of International Management, 15(7), 273–285. Blzquez, J., Molina, A., Esteban, . (2012). Key quality attributes according to the tourist product. European Journal of Tourism Research, 5(2), 166-170. Budeanu, A. (2009). A Tour to Sustainability. Lund, Sweden: International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics. Budeanu, A. (2012). Impacts and Responsibilities for Sustainable Tourism: a Tour Operator’s Perspective. 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Monday, March 2, 2020

All Things Political

All Things Political All Things Political All Things Political By Maeve Maddox During the Pope’s visit to the United States, social media and television abounded with comments discussing what is and isn’t political. For example, a television anchor expressed surprise that anyone would categorize such things as â€Å"caring for the poor, protecting religious minorities and integrating refugees† as political: â€Å"I think we are in a weird place in the world when [such things] are considered political.† The anchor’s surprise would have surprised Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.): The end [or goal] of politics is the best of ends; and the main concern of politics is to engender a certain character in the citizens and to make them good and disposed to perform noble actions.- Aristotle, â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics.† English owes the words politics and political to an ancient Greek word that meant â€Å"public matters, civic affairs.† Through time, different meanings have attached to these words. Here are traditional definitions of politics: The science or study of government and the state. Activities or policies associated with government. Public life and affairs involving matters of authority and government. Public life and affairs viewed as a profession. The word politics is also used in the context of nongovernmental activities: Management or control of private affairs and interests, especially as regards status or position. For example, â€Å"office politics.† The political ideas, beliefs, or commitments of a particular individual, organization, etc. For example, â€Å"the politics of the NEA,† â€Å"the politics of a film,† â€Å"the politics of George Clooney.† (with an indefinite article) A political structure, outlook, or ideology. For example, â€Å"a politics of denial,† a politics of denunciation,† â€Å"a politics of love.† For many modern speakers, the word politics has a derogatory connotation. For example, â€Å"to play politics† is â€Å"to act on an issue for personal or political gain rather than from principle.† Like the noun, the adjective has more than one application. A â€Å"political issue,† for example, is an issue associated with government policy. A â€Å"political football† is a subject of contentious political debate. â€Å"Political correctness† is language or behavior intended to avoid controversy. In a broad sense, political describes just about anything that affects the way people live their lives in an organized state. Here are a few random quotations on the topic of politics: In politics stupidity is not a handicap.- Napoleon Bonaparte In our age there is no such thing as keeping out of politics. All issues are political issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred and schizophrenia.- George Orwell. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary.- H. L. Mencken. The greatest power is not money power, but political power.- Walter Annenberg. I believe that political correctness can be a form of linguistic fascism, and it sends shivers down the spine of my generation who went to war against fascism.- P. D. James. Politics is the greatest calling in a democracy.- Boyd A. Martin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"The Four Sounds of the Spelling OU5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

Friday, February 14, 2020

The Pros and cons of The Globalization Process Essay

The Pros and cons of The Globalization Process - Essay Example This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of globalization phenomena, considering pros and cons of the process and assessing its role in the modern world of today. With the advent of the internet and massive computing systems that are nevertheless small in physical scale, the world is becoming an ever-shrinking globe. The concept of a shrinking world, a world wherein travel, trade and communications between countries is becoming easily accessible by all, is luring more companies into the worldwide market thanks to significant advances in transportation, communication and a recognition of the success of libertarian marketing systems. The globalization of markets has accelerated through universal acceptance of the democratic free enterprise model and new communication technologies, including satellites and the Internet. Changes in the way in which organizations conduct business have been rapid and wide-spread as the globalization concept has been introduced. It is the inherent nature of the marketplace to increase efficiency within the workplace by constantly striving to produce the most products with the least expenditure of resources. It is this concept that drove many corporations to join in the globalization process, frequently outsourcing their activities and production processes to less developed countries in which this process is less expensive and requires fewer restrictions, licensing, and controls. Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world.

Saturday, February 1, 2020

International Law and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Law and Terrorism - Essay Example Terrorism in all its aspects is a criminal act under International Law. Art.51 says that "Nothing in the present charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security." Let us examine some cases which define the international Law standard for whether a particular use of force is self defense. American ship, The Caroline in a US port; because the Caroline had been used in American raids into Canadian territory. The British claimed the attack was a self defense. But the dispute was resolved in favor of Americans. This particular case had given a clear meaning to the term self defense under International Law as "there must be a necessity of self defense- instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means and no choice of means and no moment for deliberation." The means of self defense must involve nothing unreasonable or excessive: Since the act, justified by the necessity of self defense, must be limited by that necessity, and kept clearly within it. This has been accepted rule in International Law. This is some what called as "anticipatory Self defense". This c The representive of Nicaragua Vs The United states of America